What Is Financial Risk Management?

Financial risk management involves identifying the potential downsides in any investment decision and deciding whether to accept the risks or take measures to mitigate 💙them. Fi🍬nancial risk management is a continuing process because risks can change over time.

There are risks꧑ in all investments. S🎀uccessful financial risk management requires a balance between potential risks and potential rewards.

How Financial Risk Management Works

Risk is inseparable from return and every investment involves some degree of it. It's close to zero for U.S. Treasury bills but it can be very high for emerging-market stocks.

The problem is that a higher level of risk almost always means a higher potential return. The solution from the investor's point of view is to diversify investment choices to mitigate overall risk.

Quantifying Risk

Risk can be quantified in both abso𒅌lute and ꦯrelative terms.

Risk management involves identifying and analyzing the sources of r🅠isk and making decisions about how to deal with it. It occurs everywhere in the realm of finance.

• An investor may choose virtually risk-free 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:U.S. Treasury bonds over riskier lower-rated corporate bonds.
• A fund manager who identifies currency price changes as a risk may hedge that risk with currency 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:derivatives.
• A bank checks the credit rating of applicants for personal 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:lines of credit and either grants or denies the applicant based on the results.
• A stockbroker uses financial instruments like options and futures to offset potential losses in other investments.
• A money manager uses strategies like portfolio 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:diversification to mitigate the risk of losses in specific stocks.

Failures in Risk Management

Inadequate risk management can result i🐟n severe consequences for companies, individuals, and the overall economy.

The 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:subprime mortgage meltdown that led to the Great Recession of 2007-2008 stemmed from a failure to manage risk. Banks and other lenders gave mortgages to people regardless of their credit ratings or income. The mortgages were then sold to investment firms that packaged and resold them to investors as 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:mortgage-backed securities (MBSs). Thꦡis was profitable until rising mortgage default rates rendered the MBSs worthl🔥ess.

Risk Management Techniques

The foll♌owin🔯g are some of the most common risk management techniques.

• Avoidance: The most obvious way to manage risk is to avoid it. Some investors make their investment decisions by cutting out volatility and risk completely. This means choosing the safest assets with little to no risks.
• Retention: This strategy involves accepting any risks as the price to be paid for the chance of high returns.
• Sharing: Risk can be shared among two or more parties. Insurance companies pay 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:reinsurers to cover potential losses above specified levels.
• Transferring: Risks can be passed on from one party to another. Health insurance allows consumers to transfer the risk of expensive medical costs to an insurance company in return for payment of regular premiums.
• Loss prevention and reduction: Many investors mitigate risk rather than eliminate it by balancing volatile investments such as growth stocks with more conservative choices.

Using Standard Deviation for Risk Management

Investment risk is measured by its deviation from an expected outcome. A result may differ from the expected outcome for better or for worse. This deviation is expressed in absolute terms or relative to something like a market benchmark.

One expects to accept greater risk to achieve higher returns. It's also generally accepted that increased risk means increased 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:volatility.

Investment professionals constantly seek to reduce volatility and they sometimes achieve it but there's no clear consensus on how to do it.

How much volatility an investor should accept depends entirely on their risk tolerance. This depends on the individual's circumstances, income, long-term goals, and personality.

Measuring Volatility

One of the most commonly used absolute risk metrics is standard deviation, a statistical measure of 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:dispersion around a central tendency. Take the average return of an investment over some time and 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结꧋果体彩网:find its average standard deviation for the same period to determine standard deviation.

Normal distributions, the familiar bell-shaped curve, dictate that the expected return of the investment may be one standard deviation from the average 67% of the time and two standard deviations from 🎉the average deviation 95% of the time.

This provides a numeric risk evaluation. The investment gets the green light if the risk is financiallཧy and emotionally t🐽olerable.

Types of Risk Management

Beta and Passive

One risk measurement calculates the drawdown which is any period during which an investme𝄹nt's return is negative compared to a previous high 𒊎mark. A drawdown measurement addresses three factors:

• The magnitude of each negative period (how bad)
• The duration of each (how long)
• The frequency (how often)

We also want to know its comparative risk in addition to wanting to know whether a mutual fund beat the S&P 500. One measure for this is beta, also called market risk. Beta is based on the statistical property of 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:covariance. A beta greater than 1 indicates✃ more risk than the market. A beta less ꦍthan 1 indicates lower volatility.

Beta helps us to understand the concepts of passive and 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:active risk. The graph below shows a 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:time series of returns, each data point labeled “+”, for a particular portfolio R(p) vs. the market return R(m). The returns are cash-adjusted so the point at which the x and y axes intersect is the cash-equivalent return. Drawing a 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:line of best fit through the data points allows us to quantify the passive risk (beta) and the ac🎃tive risk (alpha).

The gradient of the line is its b๊eta. A gradient of 1 indicates that for every unit increase in market return, the portfolio return also increases by one unit.

A money manager employing a passive management strategy can attempt to increase the 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:portfolio return by taking on more market risk (beta greater than 1) or decrease portfolio risk (and return) by reducing the portfolio beta below one.

Alpha and Active

A portfolio’s return would always be equal to the beta-adjusted market return if market or systematic risk were the only influencing factors but this isn’t the case. Returns vary due to several factors unrelated to 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:market risk. Investment managers who follow an acti🌜ve strategy take on other risks to achieve excess returns over the market’s performance. They include:

• Tactics that leverage stock
• Sector or country selection
• Fundamental analysis
• Position sizing
• Technical analysis

Active managers hunt for an alpha, the measure of excess return.

Alpha is the amount of portfolio return not explained by beta in our diagram example. It's represented as the distance between the intersection of the x and y axes and the y axis intercept. This can be positive or negative.

Active managers expose investors to alpha risk in their quest for excess returns, the risk that the result of their bets will prove negative rather than positive. A fund manager may think that the energy sector will outperform the S&P 500 and increase a portfolio’s weighting in that sector. The fund will underperform the benchmark if unexpected economic developments cause energy stocks to sharply decline.

The Cost of Risk

The more an active fund and its managers can generate alpha, the higher the fees the🌠y tend to charge.

You’re likely to pay one to 10 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:basis points (bps) in annual management fees for purely passive vehicles like 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:index funds or 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:exchange-traded funds (ET📖Fs). Investors may pay 200 bps in annual fees for a high-octane hedge fund with complex trading strategies, high capital commitments, and transaction costs. They may also have to give 20% of the profits back to the manager.

The pricing difference between passive (澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:beta risk) and active strategies (alpha risk) encourages many investors to try to separate these risks such as by paying lower fees for the beta risk assumed and concentrating costly exposures to specifically defined alpha opportunities. This is popularly known as 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:portable alpha, the idea that the alpha component of a total return ꦏis separate from the beta component.

A fund manager may claim to have an active 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:sector rotation strategy for beating the S&P 500 with a track record of beating the index by 1.5% ♕on an average annualized basis. This excess return is the manager’s value, the alpha, and the investor is willing to pay higher fees to obtain it.

The rest of the total return or what the S&P 500 itself earned arguably has nothing to do with the manager’s unique ability. ꦅPortable alpha strategies use derivatives and other tools to refine how ෴they obtain and pay for the alpha and beta components of their exposure.

Example of Risk Management

The average 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:annualized total return of the S&P 500 was about 10.26% from the introduction of the S&P 500 Index in 1957 and the end of 2023. This number reveals what happened for the whole period but it doesn't say what happened along the way.

The average standard deviation o𝓀f the S&P 500 over that time was about 15.28%. This is the difference between the average return and the real return at most given points throughout the history of the index.

Any🍷 given outcome should fall within one standard deviation of the mean about 67% of the time and within two standard deviations about 95% of the time when applying the bell curve model.

An S&P 500 investor could expect the return at any given point during this period to be 10.26% plus or minus the standard deviation of 15.28% about 67% o𓂃f the time. They may also assume a 27% (two sta🎐ndard deviations) increase or decrease 95% of the time.

They in♓vest if they can ♈afford to wait out those losses.

The Bottom Line

Risk is an important aspect of the financial world. The word has negative connotations because there's the potential for financial loss. But it isn’t always bad because investments that have more risk tend to come with the biggest rewards.

Know🐼ing what the risks are, how to identify them, and employing suitable risk management techniques can help mitigate losses while you reap the rewards.☂