While looking at a particular company's latest income statement, you might miss something in the company's 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:bottom line that would alter your analysis. A company's net income is affected by management's choices of financial and operational leverage, the company's working 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:capital requirements and many other typical operational expenses. Although many expenses are easy to♎ see, measure, and comprehend, other items may not show up on the income statement, which is typically something only the company knows about. They h𒀰ide these items in a process called "scrubbing."

Clean and Dirty Surplus

Net income, which does not contain any comprehensive income or 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:unusual items, is called clean surplus net income. However, if there is other comprehensive income or unusual items in the company's net income, which will flow into the company's 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:statement of retained earnings, it is called dirty surplus net income. Dirty surplus items are🎶 sectioned off into three categories𒐪:

Unrealized Gains and Losses on Securities Held for Sale: Under 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:Financial Accounꦍting Standards Bo𒐪ard (FASB) Summary Statement No. 115, companies are required to report any 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:unrealized gains and losses on any securities they are holding for sale. This process is called 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:mark-to-market accounting and takes place every time an income statement is created. These unrealized gains and losses are then recorded in the company's income statement at year-end. Although there are no measurement issues related to recording unrealized gains and losses in comprehensiv𒅌e net income, some analysts and investors wonder if it should be included. These securities are marked to market every reporting period, even if they are not sold.

Foreign 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:Currency Translation Gains and Losses: When a company has a 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:controlling interest in a foreign controlled 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:subsidiary, the consolidated income statement will include translating the subsidiary's financial statements into the same 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:currency the controlling parent uses. This is done to maintain comparability in the parent's financial statements from one period to the next. The process of calculating forex gains and losses is a 🍃difficult one that requires the skill and precision of a♛n experienced accountant. Measurement errors can result because of this complicated process. Further, a forex gain or loss calculation might not accurately capture the costs of doing business internationally.

Gains and Losses on 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:Derivative Assets and Liabilities: According to FASB 133, companies are required to report any gains or losses associated with derivatives used to hedge future transactions. Under FASB 133, derivatives are marked to market on every 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:balance sheet date. There are some measurement issues related to marking to market derivative instruments every period😼. These gains and losses are also unrealized every reporting period, which can make their inclusion in🦩 net income questionable from the perspective of some analysts and investors.

Reasons to Be Concerned About Dirty S𒈔urplus It🔴ems

Readers and analysts should be concerned about dirty surplus items for several important reasons. First, by knowing how each dirty item is treated, it is possible to make any applicable changes to the bottom line to adjust for them. Second, if several dirty items are hidden, or not included in the income statement, this can further skew a reported net income amount. Analysts and users of financial statements must be aware of both dirty surplus and hidden dirty surplus items so they can be fully aware of each item's specific effect on reported net income.

As an analyst examining a company's net income, you can easily account for the three types of dirty surplus items previously mentioned. By simply reversing or taking out these amounts included in comprehensive net income, you will see a cleaner net income statement and understand the applicable net income the company earned over the reporting periཧod.ꦗ

Employee Stock Options: A Hidden Dirty Surplus 𝓰Item

Although known dirty surplus items are easily dealt with, hidden dirty surplus items are much more difficult. The major hidden dirty surplus item is 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:employee stock options (ESOs).

If you are not familiar, ESOs typically function as follows: A company grants a 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:call option to a qualified employee while the option is 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:at-the-money. Some time must pass for the option to vest, and then the employee can exercise that call option as long as it is now in-the-money. Therefore, the company receives the 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:strike price for the underlying stock, and the employee will receive the stock for less than what 🌸it costs in the open market.

Although these costs are difficult to calculate, it's worth investors' time to do so. Many companies have large 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:stock option overhangs and use stock options as a major form of compensation. Therefore, in companies like these, it is important to know how much ESOs are actually costing shareholders, as this hidden dirty surplus item is likely to cost shareholders a substantial🌞 sum.

Calculating the Actual Cost of ESOs to꧙ Sharehol🐭ders

Calculating the actual cost of ESOs to shareholders involves diving into the notes of the financial statements. Inside, you will find information on the 澳洲幸运5官方开奖结果体彩网:weighted average number of stock options that were exercised over the🅠 reporting period, and the weighted average strike price.

To calculate this, start with the weighted average stock price of the company's stock over the reporting period. Subtract the weighted average strike price. Multiply the difference by the number of shares issued from stock options. The result is the cost to shareholders for all of the options exercised over the reporting period.

 $\text{Cost to shareholders} = \left(\text{weighted average stock price} - \text{weighted average strike price}\right)*\text{shares issued from options}$Cost to shareholders=(weighted average stock price−weighted average strike price)∗shares issued from options

This is a cost to shareholders because, under the balance sheet equation, a company's equity represents the shareh꧙older claim on the company's net assets; a company's net assets are simply the assets minus all liabilities. Therefore, when assets incr💎ease, so must equity or liabilities.

Conversely, if equity is to increase (perhaps as a result of exercising stock options), then the company's assets must increase in proportion. Since the company's assets will not increase in proportion to the value the stock option holder receives from exercising the stock, the difference is a cost to shareholders but is not recorded in the income statement.

The Bottom Line

Removing the more common dirty surplus expenses from a company's net income is relatively simple when compared to measuring the cost to shareholders of exercising ESOs. Although performing the calculation can be cumbersome and difficult, it will provide you with a more accurate picture of the true costs the company incurred over the reporting period.